Embracing Sustainability: Tips for a Greener Fashion Future

Fashion is an essential part of our daily lives, but it also has a significant impact on the environment. From the production of fabrics to the disposal of old clothes, the fashion industry is responsible for a considerable amount of pollution and waste. However, by adopting sustainable practices, we can reduce our carbon footprint and promote a greener fashion future. In this article, we will explore some tips for embracing sustainability in fashion, from choosing eco-friendly materials to recycling old clothes. Join us as we dive into the world of sustainable fashion and discover how we can all make a difference.

Understanding Sustainable Fashion

What is sustainable fashion?

Sustainable fashion refers to a movement that promotes environmentally-friendly and socially responsible practices in the fashion industry. It encompasses a range of approaches that aim to minimize the negative impact of fashion on the environment and to promote fair labor practices.

One key aspect of sustainable fashion is the use of eco-friendly materials, such as organic cotton, recycled polyester, and hemp. These materials are sourced and produced in ways that minimize their environmental footprint, reducing water and energy consumption, and limiting the use of harmful chemicals.

Another important aspect of sustainable fashion is the promotion of circular economy principles, which encourage the reuse, recycling, and repurposing of materials. This includes practices such as upcycling, where old or unwanted clothing is transformed into new garments, and recycling, where materials are broken down and transformed into new fibers.

In addition to environmental concerns, sustainable fashion also emphasizes social responsibility, ensuring that workers involved in the production of clothing are paid fair wages and working in safe and healthy conditions. This includes supporting small-scale producers and artisans, and promoting transparency and accountability in the supply chain.

Overall, sustainable fashion represents a shift towards a more ethical and environmentally-conscious approach to the production and consumption of clothing, with the goal of creating a more sustainable future for the fashion industry and the planet.

The impact of fast fashion on the environment

Fast fashion has been a driving force in the global fashion industry, with brands offering trendy, affordable clothing at an unprecedented pace. While this model has been successful in satisfying consumers’ desires for the latest styles, it has also had a profound impact on the environment.

Environmental Impact of Fast Fashion

  • Textile Waste: Fast fashion contributes significantly to the production of textile waste, with estimates suggesting that 90% of clothing is discarded within a year of being produced. This has led to an increased burden on landfills and the environment.
  • Water Pollution: The dyeing and treatment processes used in fast fashion often result in the release of hazardous chemicals into water sources, leading to pollution and long-term environmental damage.
  • Carbon Emissions: The rapid production and transportation of fast fashion items contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, which are responsible for global warming and climate change.
  • Resource Depletion: Fast fashion relies heavily on non-renewable resources such as oil, gas, and coal, which are used in the production of synthetic fibers and dyes. This depletion of resources contributes to the degradation of the environment and threatens long-term sustainability.
  • Soil Degradation: The intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides in cotton production for fast fashion contributes to soil degradation, leading to a loss of fertility and threatening the sustainability of farming practices.

By understanding the environmental impact of fast fashion, it becomes clear that there is an urgent need for a shift towards sustainable fashion practices. This requires a change in the way we produce, consume, and dispose of clothing, with a focus on reducing waste, minimizing harmful chemicals, and conserving resources.

Making Mindful Choices: Clothing Care and Repair

Key takeaway: Sustainable fashion involves using eco-friendly materials, promoting circular economy principles, and supporting fair labor practices. It also includes proper care and maintenance of clothing, as well as embracing minimalism and capsule wardrobes. To make informed choices, consumers can refer to sustainable shopping guides and certifications. Building relationships with sustainable brands and advocating for change are also crucial steps in creating a more sustainable future for the fashion industry.

Proper care and maintenance of clothing

When it comes to sustainable fashion, proper care and maintenance of clothing is crucial. Here are some tips to keep your garments in good condition for longer and reduce your environmental impact:

  1. Read Care Labels
    Before washing, always read the care label on your garment. These labels provide important information on the recommended washing temperature, type of detergent to use, and whether the item can be tumbled dryed or ironed. Following these instructions will help prevent damage to your clothes and increase their lifespan.
  2. Hand Wash Delicates
    For delicate items such as silk, lace, and cashmere, it’s best to hand wash them in cold water. This will help prevent shrinkage, damage, and color bleeding. You can also consider taking them to a professional cleaner who specializes in delicate items.
  3. Air Dry Clothing
    When possible, air dry your clothes instead of using a dryer. This will help prevent wrinkles and shrinkage, and it’s also more energy-efficient. If you must use a dryer, choose a low heat setting and remove your clothes while they’re still damp to prevent further shrinkage.
  4. Spot Clean When Possible
    If you have a spill or stain on your clothing, try to spot clean it as soon as possible. This will help prevent the stain from setting and making it harder to remove later. You can use a spot cleaner or a mixture of water and mild detergent to gently clean the affected area.
  5. Mend and Repair
    Instead of throwing away damaged clothing, consider mending or repairing them. This can be as simple as sewing on a button or patching a hole. By giving your clothes a second life, you’re reducing your environmental impact and saving money in the process.

By following these tips, you can extend the life of your clothes and reduce your carbon footprint. Remember, sustainable fashion is not just about buying eco-friendly clothing, but also taking care of the clothes you already have.

The benefits of repairing and upcycling clothes

Repairing and upcycling clothes offer several benefits for both the environment and your wallet. By fixing and repurposing old clothing, you can extend the lifespan of your wardrobe and reduce your carbon footprint. Here are some key advantages of repairing and upcycling clothes:

  1. Extending the lifespan of your clothes: Repairing and upcycling allows you to give new life to your old clothes, preventing them from ending up in landfills. This practice reduces the need for new resources to produce more garments, minimizing the environmental impact of the fashion industry.
  2. Saving money: Instead of buying new clothes, repairing and upcycling enables you to refresh your wardrobe without breaking the bank. This can help you make more sustainable fashion choices and reduce your overall consumption.
  3. Creativity and self-expression: Upcycling clothes allows you to be creative and transform old pieces into something new and unique. This process can help you develop your personal style and encourage self-expression through fashion.
  4. Skill development: Learning to repair and upcycle your clothes can also improve your skills in sewing, pattern making, and other textile techniques. This can lead to a more sustainable and self-sufficient approach to fashion.
  5. Reducing waste: By repairing and upcycling clothes, you are actively reducing waste in the fashion industry. This helps to conserve resources and minimize the environmental impact of textile production.
  6. Community building: Sharing your repair and upcycling projects with others can foster a sense of community and inspire others to adopt more sustainable fashion practices.

By embracing the benefits of repairing and upcycling clothes, you can contribute to a greener fashion future and make a positive impact on the environment.

Sustainable Materials and Eco-Friendly Fabrics

Natural and organic materials

Understanding Natural and Organic Materials

In the world of sustainable fashion, natural and organic materials play a significant role in reducing the industry’s environmental impact. These materials are derived from renewable resources and are biodegradable, making them an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fabrics. In this section, we will delve into the details of natural and organic materials, their benefits, and how they contribute to a greener fashion future.

Hemp

Hemp is a versatile and sustainable material that has gained popularity in recent years. It is a natural fiber that is derived from the stalks of the Cannabis sativa plant. Hemp is known for its durability, breathability, and moisture-wicking properties, making it an ideal material for clothing and accessories. In addition, hemp is a carbon-negative material, which means that it absorbs more carbon dioxide than it emits during its production process. As a result, hemp is an excellent choice for those looking to reduce their carbon footprint.

Linen

Linen is another natural material that is gaining attention in the sustainable fashion industry. It is made from the fibers of the flax plant and is known for its cooling properties, making it an excellent material for summer clothing. Linen is also highly durable and can be easily recycled, making it a sustainable option for fashion brands. In addition, linen is a biodegradable material that decomposes naturally without leaving harmful chemicals behind.

Organic Cotton

Cotton is one of the most widely used materials in the fashion industry, but conventional cotton production can have a significant environmental impact. However, organic cotton offers a more sustainable alternative. Organic cotton is grown without the use of harmful pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, reducing the environmental impact of cotton production. In addition, organic cotton farming helps to promote biodiversity and supports local communities.

Benefits of Natural and Organic Materials

Using natural and organic materials in fashion can have numerous benefits for both the environment and consumers. These materials are renewable, biodegradable, and require less energy to produce than synthetic fabrics. In addition, natural and organic materials are often soft and comfortable to wear, making them a popular choice among consumers. By choosing clothing made from natural and organic materials, consumers can reduce their carbon footprint and support sustainable fashion practices.

In conclusion, natural and organic materials are an essential component of a greener fashion future. By choosing clothing made from these materials, consumers can reduce their environmental impact and support sustainable fashion practices. As the fashion industry continues to evolve, it is crucial to embrace sustainable materials and eco-friendly fabrics to create a more sustainable future for all.

Recycled and upcycled materials

Embracing sustainability in fashion is more than just adopting eco-friendly fabrics; it also involves the use of recycled and upcycled materials. By utilizing these materials, designers can create clothing and accessories that not only look great but also reduce waste and promote sustainability.

Recycled materials

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials that can be used in the production of clothing and accessories. Recycled materials can be made from a variety of sources, including plastic bottles, cotton scraps, and even old clothing. These materials can be broken down and transformed into fibers that can be woven into fabric.

Recycled materials offer a number of benefits, including reducing waste, conserving resources, and lowering energy consumption. In addition, recycled materials can be just as durable and high-quality as their non-recycled counterparts, making them a practical choice for fashion designers.

Upcycled materials

Upcycling is the process of taking existing materials and transforming them into something new and higher-quality. In fashion, upcycling involves taking old or damaged clothing and accessories and giving them a new lease on life. This can be done by repairing and refashioning the items, or by breaking them down and using the materials to create something new.

Upcycling not only reduces waste and promotes sustainability, but it also offers a unique and creative approach to fashion design. By using upcycled materials, designers can create one-of-a-kind pieces that are both stylish and eco-friendly.

In conclusion, recycled and upcycled materials are a key component of sustainable fashion. By utilizing these materials, designers can create clothing and accessories that are both stylish and eco-friendly. Whether you’re a fashion designer or simply a consumer looking to make a difference, incorporating recycled and upcycled materials into your wardrobe is a great way to embrace sustainability and promote a greener fashion future.

Making Ethical Choices: Supporting Fair Labor Practices

Understanding fair labor practices

Fair labor practices refer to the principles and guidelines that ensure that workers are treated fairly and ethically in the fashion industry. These practices encompass a wide range of issues, including workers’ rights, safe working conditions, fair wages, and equal opportunities. By understanding and supporting fair labor practices, consumers can make a significant impact on the fashion industry‘s sustainability and social responsibility.

Some key aspects of fair labor practices in the fashion industry include:

  • Workers’ rights: Fair labor practices ensure that workers are treated with dignity and respect, and their rights are protected. This includes the right to a safe working environment, freedom of association, and the right to receive fair wages.
  • Safe working conditions: Fashion workers should be provided with safe and healthy working conditions, including proper ventilation, lighting, and cleanliness. Additionally, protective gear and equipment should be made available to prevent accidents and injuries.
  • Fair wages: Workers should receive fair wages that meet the minimum standards set by the government or relevant industry bodies. Fair wages should also be consistent with industry standards and should be paid on time.
  • Equal opportunities: Fair labor practices promote equal opportunities for all workers, regardless of their gender, race, religion, or ethnicity. This includes equal pay for equal work, equal access to training and development programs, and equal opportunities for promotion.

Consumers can support fair labor practices by making informed choices when purchasing clothing and accessories. This includes researching the brand’s policies and practices, looking for certifications such as Fair Trade or Organic, and supporting small and local businesses that prioritize ethical and sustainable practices.

By embracing sustainability and supporting fair labor practices, consumers can make a positive impact on the fashion industry and contribute to a greener fashion future.

How to identify and support ethical brands

As consumers, we have the power to make a difference in the fashion industry by supporting ethical brands. But how can we identify these brands and what does it mean to support them? Here are some tips to help you make informed choices and support fair labor practices in the fashion industry.

Identifying Ethical Brands

  • Look for brands that prioritize transparency and ethical practices in their production process.
  • Check for certifications such as Fair Trade, Organic, or B Corp to ensure that the brand meets certain standards of ethical and sustainable practices.
  • Research the brand’s supply chain and production process to understand how they ensure fair labor practices throughout the process.
  • Check the brand’s website and social media for information on their sustainability and ethical policies.

Supporting Ethical Brands

  • Shop from ethical brands and avoid fast fashion brands that prioritize profit over sustainability and ethical practices.
  • Support small and local brands that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices.
  • Encourage your friends and family to make ethical choices by sharing information about ethical brands and sustainable fashion practices.
  • Write reviews and share your positive experiences with ethical brands to encourage others to make similar choices.

Making a Difference

  • By making ethical choices and supporting fair labor practices, we can contribute to a greener fashion future.
  • Small changes in our daily shopping habits can make a big difference in the long run.
  • Remember that sustainable fashion is not just about the clothes we wear, but also about the impact of our choices on the environment and the people involved in the production process.

In conclusion, identifying and supporting ethical brands is an important step towards a greener fashion future. By making informed choices and prioritizing sustainability and ethical practices, we can contribute to a better future for fashion and the planet.

Incorporating Sustainable Habits: Tips for a Greener Wardrobe

Building a sustainable wardrobe

One of the most effective ways to embrace sustainability in fashion is by building a sustainable wardrobe. This involves making conscious choices about the clothes you buy, wear, and discard. Here are some tips to help you build a sustainable wardrobe:

  • Buy quality, timeless pieces: Instead of buying cheap, trendy clothes that will quickly go out of style, invest in high-quality, timeless pieces that will last for years. These pieces will not only save you money in the long run, but they will also reduce the need for frequent wardrobe updates.
  • Shop second-hand: Shopping second-hand is a great way to build a sustainable wardrobe. You can find high-quality, gently used clothes at thrift stores, consignment shops, and online marketplaces like eBay and Poshmark. By buying second-hand, you can get the same great clothes for a fraction of the price, and you’ll be giving old clothes a new lease on life.
  • Repurpose and upcycle: Instead of throwing away old clothes that are no longer wearable, try repurposing or upcycling them. You can turn old t-shirts into tank tops, turn jeans into shorts, or turn an old dress into a purse. Repurposing and upcycling are great ways to give new life to old clothes and reduce waste.
  • Invest in classic pieces: Building a sustainable wardrobe involves investing in classic pieces that never go out of style. These pieces include items like tailored trousers, blazers, and little black dresses. By investing in these classic pieces, you can create a timeless wardrobe that will never go out of style.
  • Be mindful of your laundry habits: How you care for your clothes can also impact their sustainability. Be mindful of your laundry habits by washing your clothes in cold water, using eco-friendly detergents, and air-drying your clothes instead of using the dryer. These simple changes can help extend the life of your clothes and reduce your environmental impact.

By following these tips, you can build a sustainable wardrobe that is both stylish and environmentally friendly. Remember, sustainability is not just about what you buy, but also about how you care for and use your clothes.

Minimalism and capsule wardrobes

Embracing minimalism and capsule wardrobes are two key sustainable practices that can help reduce waste and minimize the environmental impact of fashion. These practices encourage conscious consumption and mindfulness in our wardrobe choices.

Minimalism

Minimalism is a lifestyle choice that prioritizes quality over quantity. In the context of fashion, minimalism encourages the purchase of timeless, versatile, and functional pieces that can be easily mixed and matched. This approach reduces the need for impulsive buying and helps create a more sustainable wardrobe.

Key elements of minimalism

  • Quality over quantity: Invest in a few well-made, high-quality pieces that will last longer and have a lower environmental impact.
  • Timelessness: Choose classic styles that won’t go out of fashion quickly, reducing the need for frequent wardrobe updates.
  • Versatility: Opt for versatile pieces that can be worn in multiple ways, maximizing the value of each item in your wardrobe.

Capsule wardrobes

A capsule wardrobe is a collection of essential, classic pieces that can be mixed and matched to create numerous outfits. This approach focuses on quality, functionality, and versatility, while minimizing the number of items in your wardrobe.

Creating a capsule wardrobe

  1. Assess your existing wardrobe: Evaluate the pieces you already own and determine which ones are essential, versatile, and in good condition.
  2. Identify gaps: Identify any gaps in your wardrobe, such as missing pieces that could be replaced with more sustainable alternatives.
  3. Set a goal: Set a goal for the number of items you want to own in your capsule wardrobe. This could be 30, 40, or 50 pieces, depending on your needs and preferences.
  4. Choose classic pieces: Focus on investing in classic, high-quality pieces that are versatile and timeless.
  5. Prioritize natural materials: Choose materials that are sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable, such as organic cotton, linen, and hemp.
  6. Consider second-hand items: Incorporate second-hand or vintage pieces into your wardrobe to reduce waste and support a circular economy.
  7. Track your purchases: Keep track of any new items you add to your wardrobe and assess their sustainability and necessity.

By embracing minimalism and capsule wardrobes, you can make more conscious and sustainable choices in your fashion choices, contributing to a greener future for the industry.

Shopping Sustainably: Tips for Eco-Conscious Consumers

Second-hand shopping

When it comes to sustainable fashion, second-hand shopping is an excellent way to reduce your environmental impact. Here are some tips for making the most of this eco-friendly shopping option:

  • Know your sizes: To ensure a perfect fit, it’s essential to know your measurements. Take your measurements at home, and use them as a guide when shopping.
  • Be open-minded: Don’t be afraid to try new styles or brands. Second-hand shopping can be an excellent opportunity to discover new fashion items that you might not have considered before.
  • Inspect items carefully: Before making a purchase, inspect the item thoroughly for any signs of wear or damage. Check for stains, tears, and missing buttons, and ask the seller about any flaws.
  • Consider the condition: Second-hand items can range from brand new to vintage. Keep the condition of the item in mind when making a purchase, and remember that a well-made piece can last for years to come.
  • Shop in-person and online: You can find second-hand items in thrift stores, consignment shops, and online through platforms like eBay and Poshmark. Consider shopping in-person to get a feel for the item before making a purchase, but don’t hesitate to shop online for convenience and a wider selection.
  • Support small businesses: Many small businesses now offer second-hand shopping options. By shopping from these businesses, you can support local entrepreneurs while also reducing your environmental impact.

By following these tips, you can enjoy the benefits of second-hand shopping while also reducing your carbon footprint and supporting sustainable fashion.

Sustainable shopping guides and certifications

The Importance of Sustainable Shopping Guides and Certifications

  • As consumers, we have the power to drive change in the fashion industry
  • Sustainable shopping guides and certifications help us make informed choices
  • They provide a framework for companies to measure and improve their sustainability efforts

Types of Sustainable Shopping Guides and Certifications

  • Environmental impact assessments (e.g. Eco-Index, Cradle to Cradle)
  • Fair labor certifications (e.g. Fair Trade, SA8000)
  • Material sustainability certifications (e.g. OEKO-TEX, GOTS)
  • Lifecycle assessments (e.g. Higg Index, C2C)

How to Use Sustainable Shopping Guides and Certifications

  • Research the different certifications and their criteria
  • Look for products with multiple certifications for maximum impact
  • Support brands that prioritize sustainability and transparency
  • Be mindful of greenwashing and do further research if necessary

The Benefits of Sustainable Shopping Guides and Certifications

  • They help us make informed choices about the products we buy
  • They promote sustainability and ethical practices in the fashion industry
  • They provide a framework for companies to improve their sustainability efforts
  • They help us support brands that align with our values and priorities.

Building relationships with sustainable brands

  • Developing a rapport with eco-friendly fashion labels is an essential aspect of shopping sustainably. This involves familiarizing oneself with brands that prioritize environmental responsibility in their practices and production processes.
  • Establishing a relationship with these brands not only allows for a deeper understanding of their commitment to sustainability but also fosters a sense of loyalty among customers.
  • To build a lasting connection with sustainable brands, it is crucial to engage with their values and communicate any feedback or suggestions for improvement.
  • By consistently supporting these brands, consumers can contribute to their growth and success, ultimately encouraging more sustainable practices within the fashion industry.
  • It is also important to spread the word about these eco-conscious brands to friends, family, and social media followers, helping to expand their reach and impact.
  • In turn, building relationships with sustainable brands can lead to a more meaningful shopping experience and a wardrobe that aligns with one’s values and environmental concerns.

A Call to Action: Changing the Fashion Industry Together

The power of collective action

In order to create a lasting impact on the fashion industry, it is crucial to understand the power of collective action. By working together, we can create meaningful change that will shape the future of fashion.

One of the key benefits of collective action is the ability to share knowledge and resources. By pooling our collective expertise, we can develop innovative solutions to the challenges facing the fashion industry. This includes finding new ways to reduce waste, increase efficiency, and promote sustainability throughout the supply chain.

Another important aspect of collective action is the ability to create a unified voice. By coming together as a community, we can raise awareness about the importance of sustainability in fashion and encourage others to join us in our efforts. This can include advocating for policy changes, supporting sustainable fashion brands, and spreading the word through social media and other channels.

In addition, collective action allows us to leverage our collective buying power. By supporting sustainable fashion brands and avoiding fast fashion, we can send a powerful message to the industry that there is a demand for more sustainable practices. This can lead to positive changes in the way fashion is produced and consumed, ultimately creating a more sustainable future for the industry as a whole.

Overall, the power of collective action is a crucial element in our efforts to embrace sustainability in the fashion industry. By working together, we can create meaningful change that will have a lasting impact on the way fashion is produced and consumed.

How to get involved and make a difference

If you are concerned about the environmental impact of the fashion industry, there are several ways to get involved and make a difference. Here are some practical steps you can take:

  1. Educate yourself: Learn more about the environmental and social issues surrounding the fashion industry. This knowledge will empower you to make more informed choices and take action.
  2. Reduce your consumption: Buy fewer, higher-quality clothes that fit your lifestyle. Consider donating or selling clothes you no longer wear.
  3. Support sustainable brands: Look for brands that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices. Research the materials they use, their production processes, and their labor practices.
  4. Shop second-hand: Thrift stores, consignment shops, and online second-hand platforms offer an affordable and sustainable alternative to fast fashion.
  5. Advocate for change: Contact your local government and demand policies that support sustainable fashion. Write to fashion brands and retailers, expressing your concerns and urging them to adopt more sustainable practices.
  6. Spread the word: Share your knowledge and inspire others to embrace sustainable fashion. Social media platforms, blogs, and word-of-mouth are powerful tools for raising awareness.
  7. Participate in events and campaigns: Attend sustainable fashion events, participate in awareness campaigns, and support organizations working towards a greener fashion future.

By taking these steps, you can contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry and help create a better future for our planet. Remember, every small action counts!

FAQs

1. What is sustainable fashion?

Sustainable fashion refers to clothing and accessories that are produced in an environmentally and socially responsible manner. This includes using eco-friendly materials, reducing waste, and ensuring fair labor practices throughout the entire supply chain.

2. Why is sustainable fashion important?

Sustainable fashion is important because the traditional fashion industry has a significant impact on the environment. It is one of the largest polluting industries in the world, contributing to water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste. By choosing sustainable fashion, individuals can reduce their environmental footprint and support more ethical and responsible practices in the fashion industry.

3. How can I incorporate sustainable fashion into my wardrobe?

There are several ways to incorporate sustainable fashion into your wardrobe. One way is to buy second-hand clothing or shop from sustainable fashion brands. You can also consider purchasing clothing made from sustainable materials such as organic cotton, hemp, or Tencel. Additionally, you can try to extend the lifespan of your clothing by repairing and upcycling old items.

4. What are some tips for shopping sustainably?

When shopping for sustainable fashion, it’s important to do your research and look for brands that prioritize sustainability. Consider factors such as the materials used, production processes, and labor practices. Look for brands that use eco-friendly materials, have transparent supply chains, and engage in ethical practices. You can also shop from sustainable fashion retailers or attend sustainable fashion events to learn more about the industry.

5. Can sustainable fashion be affordable?

Sustainable fashion does not have to be expensive. While some sustainable fashion brands may be more expensive than traditional brands, there are many affordable options available. You can find sustainable fashion at thrift stores, second-hand shops, and fast fashion retailers that offer sustainable lines. Additionally, many sustainable fashion brands offer affordable basics and accessories.

6. How can I reduce my environmental impact when it comes to fashion?

There are several ways to reduce your environmental impact when it comes to fashion. One way is to buy fewer clothes and focus on quality over quantity. You can also choose to buy clothing made from sustainable materials, such as organic cotton or recycled polyester. Additionally, you can reduce your carbon footprint by buying locally made clothing or supporting sustainable fashion brands. Finally, you can reduce waste by donating or recycling old clothing.

Sustainable Fashion: The New Luxury | Marina Spadafora | TEDxLaRomana

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